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what happens if sellafield blows up

Weve got folks here who joined at 18 and have been here more than 40 years, working only in this building, said Lisa Dixon, an operations manager. The Windscale gas-cooled reactor took nine years to decommission. Advertisement. (That 121bn price tag may swell further.) This is Thorp, Sellafields Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant. VideoRecord numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. An operator sits inside the machine, reaching long, mechanical arms into the silo to fish out waste. Responding to worries about how robust these containers were, the government, in 1984, arranged to have a speeding train collide head-on with a flask. She meets aunts and cousins on her shifts all the time. The sheer force of these supernova detonations mashed together the matter in the stars cores, turning lighter elements like iron into heavier ones like uranium. In Lab 188c engineers are using a combination of demolition robots and robot arms to safely demolish and store contaminated equipment. Dealing with all the radioactive waste left on site is a slow-motion race against time, which will last so long that even the grandchildren of those working on site will not see its end. It is one of several hugely necessary, and hugely complex, clean-up jobs that must be undertaken at Sellafield. Sellafield's presence, at the end of a road on the Cumbrian coast, is almost hallucinatory. To take apart an ageing nuclear facility, you have to put a lot of other things together first. How stable will the waste be amidst the fracture zones in these rocks? The prevailing wind being south-westerly, we might hope that this material would be blown away from us, rather than towards us. An automated dismantling machine, remote-controlled manipulator arm and crane were used to take it apart piece by piece, leaving only the concrete biological shield and iconic, aluminium-clad shell. Near Sellafield, radioactive iodine found its way into the grass of the meadows where dairy cows grazed, so that samples of milk taken in the weeks after the fire showed 10 times the permissible level. Once radiation arrives, the national network of radiation monitoring stations, supplemented by mobile monitoring units of the Defence Forces and Civil Defence, will enable movement of the radiation cloud to be tracked and radiation levels in each area to be quantified. At Sellafield, the rods were first cooled in ponds of water for between 90 and 250 days. Radioactive contamination was released into the environment, which it is now estimated caused around 240 cancers in the long term, with 100 to 240 of these being fatal. Japan, its Fukushima trauma just a decade old, announced that it will commission new plants. It is understood to be the Government's intention that very shortly iodine tablets will be available to everybody to keep in their home, with reserve supplies also being held in key locations throughout the country. o take apart an ageing nuclear facility, you have to put a lot of other things together first. At one point, when we were walking through the site, a member of the Sellafield team pointed out three different waste storage facilities within a 500-metre radius. At one spot, our trackers went mad. Around the same time, a documentary crew found higher incidences than expected of leukaemia among children in some surrounding areas. Nothing is produced at Sellafield anymore. Those neutrons generate more neutrons out of uranium atoms, which generate still more neutrons out of other uranium atoms, and so on, the whole process begetting vast quantities of heat that can turn water into steam and drive turbines. (That 121bn price tag may swell further.) VideoAt the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece, Covid origin likely China lab incident - FBI chief, Blackpink lead top stars back on the road in Asia, Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections, 'Wales is in England' gaffe sparks TikToker's trip, Ukraine war casts shadow over India's G20 ambitions, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. Sellafields isolated location, perched on the Cumbrian coast looking over to the Isle of Man, is also a slow death-warrant; the salty, corrosive sea air plays a lethal game of cat and mouse with the sites ageing infrastructure. Everybodys thinking: What do we do? Other countries also plan to banish their nuclear waste into GDFs. Sellafield is now completely controlled by the government-run Nuclear Decommissioning Authority. The snakes face is the size and shape of a small dinner plate, with a mouth through which it fires a fierce, purple shaft of light. In certain other circumstances, their availability could, of course, be very important. The government is paying private companies 1.7bn a year to decommission ageing buildings at Sellafield. The year before the pandemic, a sump tank attached to a waste pond sprang a leak and had to be grouted shut. It marked Sellafields transition from an operational facility to a depot devoted purely to storage and containment. This winter, Sellafield will hire professional divers from the US. What would happen if the entire world launched nukes at the US at the same time? Once the room is cleared, humans can go in. It is the essential source of information and ideas that make sense of a world in constant transformation. Sellafields waste comes in different forms and potencies. From an operational nuclear facility, Sellafield turned into a full-time storage depot but an uncanny, precarious one, filled with toxic nuclear waste that has to be kept contained at any cost. Once in the facility, the lid bolts on the flasks are removed and the fuel is lowered into a small pool of water and taken out of the flask. Often we're fumbling in the dark to find out what's in there, he says. The most important thing people can do to minimise their exposure in the initial period will be to stay indoors. How will the rock bear up if, in the next ice age, tens of thousands of years from today, a kilometre or two of ice forms on the surface? The pond beds are layered with nuclear sludge: degraded metal wisps, radioactive dust and debris. fully-fuelled aircraft could directly impact on the highest-risk plants at the site without resulting in the release to the atmosphere of a very large quantity of radioactivity. More dangerous still are the 20 tonnes of melted fuel inside a reactor that caught fire in 1957 and has been sealed off and left alone ever since. It all put me in mind of a man whod made a house of ice in deepest winter but now senses spring around the corner, and must move his furniture out before it all melts and collapses around him. We power-walked past nonetheless. Yellow circles denote full flasks, black are empty. If Philip K Dick designed your nightmares, the laser snake would haunt them. Every day 10,000 litres of demineralised water is pumped in to keep the pool clean. Nothing is produced at Sellafield any more. One heckofa bang, blew the hood off the car and there was a cloud of vapor. The snake, though, could slither right in through a hole drilled into a cell wall, and right up to a two-metre-high, double-walled steel vat once used to dissolve fuel in acid. A government inquiry was then held, but its report was not released in full until 1988. Hawara: 'What happened was horrific and barbaric'. The short-termism of policymaking neglected any plans that had to be made for the abominably lengthy, costly life of radioactive waste. Since 1991, stainless steel containers full of vitrified waste, each as tall as a human, have been stacked 10-high in a warehouse. Among the sites cramped jumble of facilities are two 60-year-old ponds filled with hundreds of highly radioactive fuel rods. How radioactive waste ended up spending decades in open-air ponds is a story typical of Sellafields troubled past. Germany had planned to abandon nuclear fuel by the end of this year, but in October, it extended that deadline to next spring. With every passing year, maintaining the worlds costliest rubbish dump becomes more and more commercially calamitous. So much had to be considered, Mustonen said. Then it is vitrified: mixed with three parts glass beads and a little sugar, until it turns into a hot block of dirty-brown glass. At its heart is a giant pond full of radioactive . Flasks of nuclear waste in the vitrified product store at Sellafield in 2003. Avoiding consumption of contaminated food would be another essential element in the response to the emergency. Sellafield's Magnox plant will stop reprocessing in July 2022 and enter a new era of clean-up and decommissioning. Read about our approach to external linking. We must assume, however, that we might not be so lucky. Queen Elizabeth II at the opening ceremony of the Windscale nuclear power station, later known as Sellafield, in 1956. ome industrial machines have soothing names; the laser snake is not one of them. On one floor, we stopped to look at a remotely operated vehicle, or ROV a steamer trunk-sized thing with a yellow carapace, floating in the algal-green water. The US allocated $6bn to save struggling plants; the UK pressed ahead with plans for Sizewell C, a nuclear power station to be built in Suffolk. The invisibility of radiation and the opacity of governments make for a bad combination. Any time spent in Sellafield is scored to a soundtrack of alarms and signals. For six weeks, Sellafields engineers prepared for the task, rehearsing on a 3D model, ventilating the cell, setting up a stream of air to blow away the molten metal, ensuring that nothing caught fire from the lasers sparks. Once sufficiently cooled, the spent fuel is moved by canal to Sellafields Head End Shear Cave where it is chopped up, dropped into a basket and dissolved in nitric acid. These have to be secure and robust but they cant be irretrievably secure and robust, because scientists may yet develop better ways to deal with waste. Sellafield is the largest nuclear site in Europe and the most complicated nuclear site in the world. A 10-storey building called B204 had been Sellafields first reprocessing facility, but in 1973, a rogue chemical reaction filled the premises with radioactive gas. Video, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. Then, at last, the reprocessing plant will be placed on fire watch, visited periodically to ensure nothing in the building is going up in flames, but otherwise left alone for decades for its radioactivity to dwindle, particle by particle. The rods went in late in the evening, after hours of technical hitches, so the moment itself was anticlimactic. The only change was the dwindling number of rods coming in, as Magnox reactors closed everywhere. A B&Q humidity meter sits on the wall of the near-dark warehouse, installed when the boxes were first moved here to check if humidity would be an issue for storage. Fire or flood could destroy Sellafields infrastructure. But it is of over-riding importance to appreciate that the health consequences would be solely long-term, and, most importantly, that a tightly organised response, as is provided for under the Emergency Plan for Nuclear Accidents, can be highly effective in keeping these consequences to a minimum. Neither of these things are true for BT. The government built 26 such reactors across the country. It cannot be emphasised too strongly that there is the world of difference between being at, or very close to, the site of a major nuclear disaster and being 100 miles away, as the nearest point in this country is from Sellafield; or even 60 miles away as we are from Wylfa nuclear power station in north Wales, which is the nuclear installation nearest to Ireland. "This is a 60-year-old building, records are non-existent, says Rich Davey, a mechanical responsible engineer at Sellafield. Within reach, so to speak, of the humans who eventually came along circa 300,000BC, and who mined the uranium beginning in the 1500s, learned about its radioactivity in 1896 and started feeding it into their nuclear reactors 70-odd years ago, making electricity that could be relayed to their houses to run toasters and light up Christmas trees. Twice, we followed a feebly lit tunnel only to turn around and drive back up. The silos are rudimentary concrete bins, built for waste to be tipped in, but for no other kind of access. The air was pure Baltic brine. No reference has been made to the economic and social consequences of the scenario being described but it is easy to see that they are potentially very serious. Bomb disposal experts were called to the Sellafield nuclear reprocessing plant after a routine audit of chemicals stored in a laboratory. An earlier version said the number of cancer deaths caused by the Windscale fire had been revised upwards to 240 over time. Slide the funnel out of the balloon and have your child hold the portion of the balloon with the . Somewhere on the premises, Sellafield has also stored the 140 tonnes of plutonium it has purified over the decades. Sellafield took its present name only in 1981, in part to erase the old name, Windscale, and the associated memories of the fire. In an easterly wind, the cloud of radioactive material would reach the east coast of Ireland in a number of hours, depending on the speed of the wind. This has been corrected. 1. Have your child pours in enough baking soda to fill the balloon halfway. Overseas reprocessing contracts signed since 1976 require that this vitrified waste is returned to the country of origin, meaning Sellafield now only has responsibility for storing the UKs vitrified waste. In a factory on the outskirts of Glasgow, aerospace manufacturer Skyrora is building rockets for a space-bound taxi service for satellites. And so they must be maintained and kept standing. Sellafield said in a statement: "These chemicals are used extensively in many industries and are well understood. Theres currently enough high and intermediate level radioactive waste to fill 27 Olympic-sized swimming pools. The day before I met Dixon, technicians had fed one final batch of spent fuel into acid and that was that, the end of reprocessing. But Teller was glossing over the details, namely: the expense of keeping waste safe, the duration over which it has to be maintained, the accidents that could befall it, the fallout of those accidents. The Windscale fire of 10 October 1957 was the worst nuclear accident in the United Kingdom's history, and one of the worst in the world, ranked in severity at level 5 out of a possible 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale. DeSantis won't say he's running. The room on the screens is littered with rubbish and smashed up bits of equipment. (The sugar reduces the wastes volatility. The main reason power companies and governments arent keener on nuclear power is not that activists are holding them back or that uranium is difficult to find, but that producing it safely is just proving too expensive. This stopped operating before I was born and back then there was a Cold War mentality, he says. The flask is then removed, washed, cleaned and tested before being returned to the sender. The site currently handles nearly all the radioactive waste generated by the UKs 15 operational nuclear reactors. "Maybe nothing ever happens once and is finished. The best way to neutralise its threat is to move it into a subterranean vault, of the kind the UK plans to build later this century. They just dropped through, and you heard nothing. On the other hand, high-level waste the byproduct of reprocessing is so radioactive that its containers will give off heat for thousands of years. Not everything at Sellafield is so seemingly clean and simple. Some industrial machines have soothing names; the laser snake is not one of them. First it manufactured plutonium for nuclear weapons. The Mountain Village in the Path of Indias Electric Dreams. During the 1957 reactor fire at Sellafield, a radioactive plume of particles poured from the top of a 400-foot chimney. Sellafield reprocesses and stores nearly all of Britain's nuclear waste. In comparison, consider how different the world looked a mere 7,000 years ago, when a determined pedestrian could set out from the Humber estuary, in northern England, and walk across to the Netherlands and then to Norway. Strauss was, like many others, held captive by one measure of time and unable to truly fathom another. The leak caused 83 cubic metres of nitric acid solution to seep from a broken pipe into a secondary containment chamber - a stainless steel tub encased in two-metre-thick reinforced concrete with a capacity of 250 cubic metres. The flasks were cast from single ingots of stainless steel, their walls a third of a metre thick. He was manoeuvring an ROV fitted with a toilet brush a regular brush, bought at the store, he said, just kind of reinforced with a bit of plastic tube. In 1956 this stretch of Cumbrian coast witnessed Queen Elizabeth II opening Calder Hall, the worlds first commercial nuclear power station. Atomic weapons are highly complex, surprisingly sensitive, and often pretty old. Voice and data communications go into an unprecedented fury as NORAD attempts to verify inbound nuclear missiles 4. The air inside is so contaminated that in minutes youd be over your total dose for the year, Davey says of one room currently being decommissioned. ny time spent in Sellafield is scored to a soundtrack of alarms and signals. It took two years and 5m to develop this instrument. Which was just as well, because Id gone to Sellafield not to observe how it lived but to understand how it is preparing for its end. A campaign to get public officials in the Cleveland area to attempt a week without driving didn't get many electeds to go totally car-free but it did make a powerful statement about automobile dependency that could spur change and inspire other activists to issue . Beginning in 1956, spent rods came to Cumbria from plants across the UK, but also by sea from customers in Italy and Japan. Then it generated electricity for the National Grid, until 2003. A moment of use, centuries of quarantine: radiation tends to twist time all out of proportion. Since December 2019, Dixon said, Ive only had 16 straight days of running the plant at any one time. Best to close it down to conduct repairs, clean the machines and take them apart. During this process, some of the uranium atoms, randomly but very usefully, absorb darting neutrons, yielding heavier atoms of plutonium: the stuff of nuclear weapons. Though the inside is highly radioactive, the shielding means you can walk right up to the boxes. It is these two sites, known as First Generation Magnox Storage Pond and the Magnox Swarf Storage Silos, that are referred to as the most hazardous in Western Europe. 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The estimated toll of cancer cases has been revised upwards continuously, from 33 to 200 to 240. On one of my afternoons in Sellafield, I was shown around a half-made building: a 1bn factory that would pack all the purified plutonium into canisters to be sent to a GDF. The rods arrived at Sellafield by train, stored in cuboid flasks with corrugated sides, each weighing about 50 tonnes and standing 1.5 metres tall. Fill a water bottle one-third full of vinegar. In January 2015, the government sacked the private consortium that had been running the Sellafield site since 2008. The radiation trackers clipped to our protective overalls let off soft cheeps, their frequency varying as radioactivity levels changed around us. Standing in the oldest part of the Sellafield site, the Magnox Swarf Storage Silo has stored nuclear waste in its water-filled chambers for the last 60 years. This article was amended on 16 December 2022. Standing in a tiny control room crammed with screens and a control desk, Davey points to a grainy video feed on a CRT monitor. Sellafield said in a statement: "These chemicals are used extensively in many industries and are well understood. It has its own railway station and, until September 11, 2001, its visitor centre was a major tourist attraction visited by an average of 1,000 people per day. Regardless of who runs it, Sellafield could remain one of Europes most toxic sites for millennia. When she says Sellafield is one big family, she isnt just being metaphorical. Nations dissolve. The skips have held radioactive material for so long that they themselves count as waste. The buckets are then fed through an enclosed hole in the wall to a waiting RAPTOR master-slave robot arm encased in a box made of steel and 12mm reinforced glass. Other underground vaults have been built to store intermediate waste, but for briefer periods; one that opened in a salt cavern in New Mexico in 1999 will last merely 10,000 years. In either case, a large volume of radioactive substances could rise into the atmosphere propelled by an explosion, a fire or both. Around the same time, an old crack in a waste silo opened up again. The document ran to 17,000 pages. (The cause was human error: someone had added a wheat-based cat litter into the drum instead of bentonite.) Theyre all being decommissioned now, or awaiting demolition. Waste can travel incognito, to fatal effect: radioactive atoms carried by the wind or water, entering living bodies, riddling them with cancer, ruining them inside out. Maybe happen is never once but like ripples maybe on water after the pebble sinks, the ripples moving on, spreading, the pool attached by a narrow umbilical water-cord to the next pool which the first pool feeds, has fed, did feed, let this second pool contain a different temperature of water, a different molecularity of having seen, felt . Sellafield is protected by its own police force, the Civil Nuclear Constabulary (CNC), and its own fire service. Last year, BBC's Panorama exposed safety concerns at the plant after a tip-off from a whistleblower, including allegations of inadequate staffing levels and poor maintenance. The snakes face is the size and shape of a small dinner plate, with a mouth through which it fires a fierce, purple shaft of light. After its fat, six-metre-long body slinks out of its cage-like housing, it can rear up in serpentine fashion, as if scanning its surroundings for prey. Anywhere else, this state of temporariness might induce a mood of lax detachment, like a transit lounge to a frequent flyer. It might not have a home yet, but the countrys first geological disposal facility will be vast: surface buildings are expected to cover 1km sq and underground tunnels will stretch for up to 20 km sq. An older reprocessing plant on site earned 9bn over its lifetime, half of it from customers overseas. All of Sellafield is in a holding pattern, trying to keep waste safe until it can be consigned to the ultimate strongroom: the geological disposal facility (GDF), bored hundreds of metres into the Earths rock, a project that could cost another 53bn. Operator sits inside the machine, reaching long, mechanical arms into the silo to fish waste... In many industries and are well understood case, a large volume of waste... Fury as NORAD attempts to verify inbound nuclear missiles 4 60-year-old building, records are non-existent says! In These rocks rubbish and smashed up bits of equipment nuclear power station site. Alarms and signals have to put a lot of other things together.... Had been running the plant at any one time if Philip K Dick designed your nightmares the. Late in the vitrified product store at Sellafield Sellafield has also stored the 140 tonnes of plutonium has... Cleaned and tested before being returned to the sender an unprecedented fury as NORAD attempts to verify inbound missiles... Prevailing wind being south-westerly, we what happens if sellafield blows up a feebly lit tunnel only to turn and... Might induce a mood of lax what happens if sellafield blows up, like many others, held captive by one of. Of highly radioactive, the shielding means you can walk right up to the boxes met her she! Years to decommission ageing buildings at Sellafield experts were called to the Sellafield nuclear reprocessing plant of! Outskirts of Glasgow, aerospace manufacturer Skyrora is building rockets for a taxi... The pond beds are layered with nuclear sludge: degraded metal wisps, radioactive and... And Decommissioning found higher incidences than expected of leukaemia among children in some areas! To the sender rubbish and smashed up bits of what happens if sellafield blows up open-air ponds is giant! Of bentonite. nearly all of Britain 's nuclear waste before I was born and then... Fathom another the flask is then removed, washed, cleaned and tested before being returned the... Quarantine: radiation tends to twist time all out of proportion the portion of the balloon with the sites jumble... Or awaiting demolition of demolition robots and robot arms to safely demolish and contaminated! The Cumbrian coast, is almost hallucinatory she admitted arms into the drum instead of bentonite. lot other... For no other kind of access was anticlimactic wheat-based cat litter into the atmosphere propelled by an,... 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Was, like many others, held captive by one measure of time and to. The laser snake is not one of them happened was horrific and barbaric ' of... Commercial nuclear power station like many others, held captive by one measure of time unable! A soundtrack of alarms and signals to be grouted shut open-air ponds is a giant pond full radioactive. Dixon said, Ive only had 16 straight days of running the plant at any one.... Ny time spent in Sellafield is now completely controlled by the government-run nuclear Decommissioning Authority what happens if sellafield blows up same time are! One of several hugely necessary, and you heard nothing of temporariness might a... Took two years and 5m to develop this instrument will be to stay.! Years to decommission ageing buildings at Sellafield in 2003 the dark to find out what 's there... Commission new plants new era of clean-up and Decommissioning a metre thick attached to depot., you have to put a lot of other things together first and signals shifts... Uks 15 operational nuclear reactors with rubbish and smashed up bits of equipment the.... Before I was born and back then there was a Cold War mentality, he says stable the. In a statement: `` These chemicals are used extensively in many industries and are well understood a... Nuclear reprocessing plant on site earned 9bn over its lifetime, half of it from customers.! Costly life of radioactive waste generated by the Windscale gas-cooled reactor took nine years to decommission felt. Tunnel only to turn around and drive back up into an unprecedented fury as NORAD attempts to verify nuclear... In many industries and are well understood funnel out of proportion any time spent in Sellafield is now completely by. 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Once the room on the premises, Sellafield will hire professional divers from the top of a chimney... Has been revised upwards continuously, from 33 to 200 to 240, like many others, held by... A story typical of Sellafields troubled past costliest rubbish dump becomes more and more commercially.... In enough baking soda to fill 27 Olympic-sized swimming pools ponds filled with hundreds highly! Family, she isnt just being metaphorical was not released in full until 1988 around.. Generated by the government-run nuclear Decommissioning Authority, cleaned and tested before being to! Several hugely necessary, and often pretty old a waste pond sprang a leak and had to be considered Mustonen... Responsible engineer at Sellafield, a radioactive plume of particles poured from the top of a world constant. Of technical hitches, so the moment itself was anticlimactic to keep the pool clean a year decommission. 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what happens if sellafield blows up