Definition and Examples, Biography of Golda Meir, Prime Minister of Israel, What Is Anti-Semitism? Or think about Provence, a great place, I . [46], Soviet civilian populations in the occupied areas were severely persecuted and endured the treacherous conditions of the Eastern Front, which spawned atrocities such as the siege of Leningrad, when 1.2 million civilians died. The Holocaust in Ukraine represents the first phase of the Holocaust in which an estimated 1.5 million Jews were shot to death at close range in ravines, open fields, and forests. "[101] Among the clergy who were murdered at Dachau were many of the 108 Polish Martyrs of World War II. The original assumptions of Generalplan Ost were based on plans to exterminate around 85% (over 20 million) of ethnically Polish citizens of Poland, with the remaining 15% to be used as slaves.[37]. 6 million is just the Jewish people who were killed. In the largest of these, the Warsaw Ghetto, thousands of Jews died due. While the Holocaust concerned the persecution of German Jews by the Nazi regime from 1933, this group only account for about 5% of the victims, with most being in eastern Europe, he said. 856, Richard J. Evans; The Third Reich at War; Penguin Press New York; 2009; pp. According to Norman Davies, the Nazi terror was "much fiercer and more protracted in Poland than anywhere in Europe. without which Koreans would have all died and starved and the OP she's quoting wouldn't have the freedom to criticize his government bc they'd . [31], The Yad Vashem museum has created, in an ongoing collaboration with many partners, a database with the names and biographical details of close to 4.8 of the 6 million Jews murdered by the Nazis and their accomplices during the Holocaust, as well as those whose fate has yet to be determined. "[64], Many homosexuals who were liberated from the concentration camps were persecuted in postwar Germany. 28 million Americans blame Jews for the Holocaust. Estimates of the Romani death toll in World War II range from 220,000 to 1,500,000. Of the roughly 320,000 Jews established in France at the start of the war, an estimated 74,150 - most of them foreign nationals - were deported by Nazi Germany with the complicity of its allies. Almost half of Americans don't know how many Jews perished in the Holocaust, according to data from a survey conducted for the American Jewish Committee. Almost one in four Dutch people born after 1980 think the Holocaust is "a myth" or that the number of Jewish people killed by the Nazis is "greatly exaggerated". The majority, around 1 million people, were Jews. We don't see as many black people/jews saying "we should be grateful for the transatlantic slavetrade/holocaust, because otherwise we would not grow up in the US/Israel" nearly as often. Instead, they ramped up the number of deaths and began destroying existing records and evidence of previous mass murders. "[99], In Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany, severe persecution began. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library, International Tracing Service Digital Archive, Document Number 101099771. . While the term Holocaust generally refers to the systematic mass-murder of the Jewish people in German-occupied Europe, the Nazis also murdered a large number of non-Jewish people who were also considered subhuman (Untermenschen) or undesirable. Another 2% believed fewer than 1 million lost their lives while 11% said more than 12 million died. [112] The badge is worn on the lapels of Masons worldwide in remembrance of those who have suffered in the name of Freemasonry, particularly during the Nazi era.[112]. [103] According to the Encyclopdia Britannica, 1,811 Polish priests were murdered in Nazi concentration camps. Jewish population in 1937: approximately 200Deaths: unknown, Jewish population of Austria in 1938: 185,026 Deaths: 65,459, Jewish population of Belgium in 1939: 90,000 Deaths: 24,387, Jewish population of Bulgaria in 1937: 50,000Deaths: unknown, Jewish population of Czechoslovakia in 1921: 354,000 Deaths: 260,000, SudetenlandJewish population in 1939: 2,363Deaths: at least 360, Bohemia-Moravia Jewish population in 1930: 117,551Deaths: 77,297, SlovakiaJewish population in 1940: 88,951 Deaths: approximately 60,000, Hungarian-occupied Southern Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus Jewish population in 1939: 142,000148,000Deaths: 114,000120,000, Jewish population of Denmark in 1937: 7,500Deaths: 52116, Jewish population of Estonia in 1937: 4,500Deaths: 963, Jewish population of France in 1937: 300,000330,000Deaths: 72,90074,000, Jewish population of Germany in 1939: 237,723 Deaths: 165,200, Jewish population of Greece in 1941: 71,611Deaths: 58,80065,000, Jewish population of Hungary in 1937: 490,621Deaths: 297,621, Hungary (borders of 1941) Jewish population: 825,007 Deaths: 564,507, Jewish population of Italy in 1938: 58,412 Jewish population in German-occupied Italy: approximately 43,000Deaths: 7,858, Jewish population of Latvia in 1939: 93,479Deaths: 70,000, Jewish population of Lithuania in 1937: 153,000Deaths: 130,000, Jewish population of Luxembourg in May 1940: 3,5005,000Deaths: 1,200, Jewish population of the Netherlands in May 1940: 140,245 Deaths: 102,000, Jewish population of Norway in April 1940: approximately 1,800Deaths: at least 758, Jewish population of Poland in 1937: 3,350,000Deaths: 2,770,0003,000,000, Jewish population of Romania in 1930: 756,930 Deaths: 211,214260,000, Hungarian-occupied Northern Transylvania Deaths: 90,295, Bessarabia and BukovinaJewish population in 1930: 314,000 Jewish population in 1941: 185,000 Deaths: 103,919130,000, Jewish population of the Soviet Union in 1939: 3,028,538 Deaths: approximately 1,340,000, Jewish population of Yugoslavia in 1941: 82,242 Deaths: 67,228, Slovenia (German-occupied) Jewish population in 1937: 1,500 Deaths: 1,300, Serbia with Banat and Sandak (German-occupied)Jewish population in 1937: 17,200Deaths 15,060, Macedonia (Bulgarian-occupied) Jewish population in 1941: 7,762Deaths: 6,982, Pirot, Serbia (Bulgarian-occupied)Deaths: 140, Albanian-annexed KosovoJewish population in 1937: 550 Deaths: 210, Croatia with Dalmatia and Bosnia-HerzegovinaJewish population in 1937: 39,400Deaths: 30,148, Montenegro (German-occupied) Jewish population in 1937: 30 Deaths: 28, Backa and Baranja (Hungarian-annexed)Jewish population in 1937: 16,000Deaths: 13,500. Jews Killed During the Holocaust by Country. By mid-1942, victims were being deported from ghettos across Europe in sealed freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, they were gassed, worked or beaten to death, or killed by disease, starvation, cold, medical experiments, or during death marches. Intelligentsia, socially prominent, and influential people were primarily targeted, although ethnic Poles and other Slavic groups were also killed en masse. According to British historian Ian Kershaw, the Nazis' genocide and brutality was their way of ensuring Lebensraum ("living space") for those who met Hitler's narrow racial requirements; this necessitated the elimination of Bolsheviks and Slavs: The Nazi revolution was broader than just the Holocaust. Because of the vast numbers of Jews murdered, no one is absolutely sure how many died in each camp, but there are good estimates of deaths by the camp. Violence towards these groups grew as further rules were enforced upon them, before the Night of the Broken Glass - Kristallnacht - saw attacks take place over an evening in November 1938. Between 1941 and 1945, around two thirds of the population of European Jews were systematically murdered by Nazi Germany and its collaborators in all German-occupied Europe. [54] According to Hitler, "Jews were responsible for bringing Negroes into the Rhineland, with the ultimate idea of bastardising the white race which they hate and thus lowering its cultural and political level so that the Jew might dominate".[56]. Harvard University Press, 2014. Countless Jewish businesses and homes were vandalized and destroyed, and 30,000 Jews were sent to Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, and other concentration camps. The following chart shows the estimated number of Jews killed during the Holocaust by country. - The Shoah was also known as the Holocaust during the Second World War as the genocide of the European Jews. [43] Over two million Ukrainians were deported to Germany as slave labor. Holocaust Memorial Museum, the T-4 Program (established in 1939) was the model for future Nazi exterminations and it set a precedent for the genocide of what they described as the Jewish race. The Holocaust. Lacking knowledge can open pathways to trivialization and denial of the Holocaust that also contribute to rising antisemitism, said AJC CEO Ted Deutch in a statement. 's to the United States and Dina's to England. The Columbia guide to the Holocaust By Donald L. Niewyk. In 2020, a similar poll of American millennials and Generation Z by the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany found a disturbing lack of knowledge about the events of the Holocaust. [86] Of 2,720 clergy imprisoned at Dachau, the overwhelming majority (94.88 percent) were Catholic. "The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945, Volume I: Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Administration Main Office." The Nazi Holocaust may have claimed up to 20 million lives, a figure far greater than previous estimates, new research has revealed. Those taking part in the poll were asked four questions about the Holocaust. Germanization of the annexed regions began in December 1939, with deportations of men, women and children. The military campaign to displace persons like the Jews from Germany and other German-held territories during World War II, often with extreme brutality, is known as the Holocaust. Between 1941 and 1945, approximately three million Ukrainian and other gentiles were murdered as part of Nazi extermination policies in present-day Ukraine. Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. Many were Roma, LGBTQ and other " undesirables". "[80][81] Political Catholicism was a target of Hitler's 1934 Night of the Long Knives. Total estimates used today are based on postwar studies and research of the existing data. There is no single wartime document that estimates the number of Jewish deaths during the Holocaust. A son did not avenge so that they would not murder his mother, and vice versa." The effect of Ungar's words was. [30] Jews outside Europe under Axis occupation were also affected by the Holocaust in Italian Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Iraq, Japan, and China. The Nazi genocide of the Romani people was ignored by scholars until the 1980s, and opinions continue to differ on its details. Kathy Hochul signed a legislative package last summer mandating Holocaust education in schools statewide. (Kluger Zoltan/Israel Government Press Office) THE HOLOCAUST is among the greatest atrocities in world history, as millions of European Jews were subjected to torture and death. Historian Detlef Garbe, director of the Neuengamme Memorial in Hamburg, wrote about Jehovah's Witnesses: "No other religious movement resisted the pressure to conform to National Socialism [Nazism] with comparable unanimity and steadfastness". According to Austrian survivor Heinz Heger, gay men "suffered a higher mortality rate than other relatively small victim groups, such as Jehovah's Witnesses and political prisoners". Defining Jews as the chief enemy, Nazi racial ideology was also used to persecute other minorities. About 66% of European Jews were killed during the Holocaust, and the Jewish population for the entire world has still not recovered to pre-war levels. who exiled half of the Jewish people. The names of more than one million victims remain unknown and are still being collected.[32]. January 24, 2022. In other camps, the death rate was lowered from 1943 in an effort to conserve the labor force. 705. Volume 259 of Boston studies in the philosophy of science. (7 marks) The Holocaust also known by Jews as "Shoah" was a tragic time in Jewish history whereby 6 million Jews were killed. "[96] Polish Catholic victims of the Third Reich numbered in the millions. In 1938, a forget-me-not badge made by the factory which produced the Masonic badge was chosen for the annual Nazi Winterhilfswerk, the charity drive of the National Socialist People's Welfare (the party's welfare branch). that fewer than 50% of American adults knew how many Jews had died in the Holocaust or that Hitler had come to power democratically. On May 21, 1942, 4,300 Jews are deported from the Polish town of Chelm to the Nazi extermination camp at Sobibor, where all are gassed to death. African (black) residents of Germany and black prisoners of war, such as French colonial troops and African Americans, were also victims of Nazi racial policy. Donald Niewyk suggests that the broadest definition, including Soviet civilian deaths, would produce a death toll of 17 million.[23]. The Nazis forced Jews out of their homes, crowded them into ghettos, and then deported them to either a concentration or a death camp. Hermann Gring testified at Nuremberg that Nazi willingness to repress German Communists prompted Hindenburg and the old elite to cooperate with them. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. In Auschwitz, however, where new transports, mostly of Jews, arrived continuously and kept the camp supplied with laborers, human life never had any great significance. In many Nazis' minds, Jews and communists were inseparable. In addition to approximately 6 million Jews killed, the Axis killed around 5.7 million non-Jewish Soviet citizens, around 3 million non-Jewish Soviet prisoners of war, 300,000 Serb citizens, around 250,000 people with disabilities living in institutions, and around 300,000 Roma (Gypsies). Kathy Hochul signed a legislative package last summer, debate over whether such efforts are effective. In view of the role that it played in the realization of the Nazi extermination plans, Auschwitz is known around the world as a symbol of Nazi genocide, and especially of the destruction of the Jews. The figure includes 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals, 2.2 million deaths of persons deported to Germany as forced labour, and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths. Dedicated to the 6-million Jewish victims and all other victims who suffered and died in the Holocaust at the hands of the Nazis and their collaborators. The project examines the horrifying, world-changing truth of the Holocaust and the Nazis. "The "Final Solution": Estimated Number of Jews Killed", "Jewish losses during the Holocaust: By country", "Victims of the Nazi Era: Nazi Racial Ideology", "The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names", Stalinism and Nazism: dictatorships in comparison, "Polish Resistance and Conclusions United States Holocaust Memorial Museum", "Generalplan Ost (General Plan East). [52], Thousands of Spanish Republican refugees were living in France at the time of its occupation by Nazi Germany in 1940; 15,000 were detained in concentration camps, including 7,000 in Mauthausen-Gusen. Peter Hoffmann; The History of the German Resistance 19331945; 3rd Edn (First English Edn); McDonald & Jane's; London; 1977; p 25. Some 63% correctly answer the question "What were Nazi-created ghettos?" with the response "Parts of town where Jews were forced to live," while another 37% said that ghettos were either places. Publishers undertake to indicate the authors and origin of the images: www.auschwitz.org, as well as to inform the Museum of the use of the images (press@auschwitz.org). Prewar estimates for the latest year available (1937-1941). . The Romani people, ethnic Poles, Soviet citizens, Soviet prisoners of war, political opponents, homosexuals and Jehovah's Witnesses were also killed. The Nazis also targeted religious groups for political and ideological reasons. As a result of the inclusion of Auschwitz in the process of the mass extermination of the Jews, the number of deportees began to soar. Between five (5) and six (6) million Jews - out of a Jewish population of nine (9) million living in Europe - were killed during the Holocaust. [102], Hans Frank said in 1940, "Poles may have only one mastera German. Dawidowicz, Lucy S. "The War Against the Jews: 1933-1945." These were Jews from across Europe who spoke different languages and had different cultures. [24][25] The extermination of Jews had been a priority to the Nazis, regardless of the consequences.[26]. Thousands of peasant villages across Russia, Belarus and Ukraine were annihilated by German troops. While scholars are still researching the scale of the Holocaust in Ukraine, they estimate at least one and a half million Jews were killed there. Captured by the Gestapo in 1943, Sendlerowa was crippled by torture. We also dont know the precise number of Jews in any of these areas. [53] When the Nazis came to power, hundreds of African-German children, the offspring of German mothers and African soldiers brought in during the French occupation, lived in the Rhineland. In Arab countries, not only do they not teach about the Holocaust, but they openly deny the Holocaust to ridicule Israel and the Jewish people. Although Hitler formally halted the program in late August 1941, the killings secretly continued until the end of the war and an estimated 275,000 people with congenital disabilities were murdered. Our schools are failing. Rosenberg, Jennifer. MORE : Pictures from Auschwitz show haunting human reality of Holocaust. The Holocaust was the period between 1933 and 1945 when Nazi Germany systematically persecuted and murdered millions of Jews and other innocent people. [48] The deaths of 8.2 million Soviet civilians, including Jews, were documented by the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission.[49]. The Nazis forced Jews out of their homes, crowded them into ghettos, and then deported them to either a concentration or a death camp. [97] The Nazi plan for Poland was the nation's destruction, which necessitated attacking the Polish Church, (particularly in areas annexed by Germany). Though Hitler's racial policies toward Jews, Sinti, and Roma, have been well documented, researchers have given less attention to actions against Black people. According to historian William Shirer, "under the leadership of Rosenberg, Bormann and Himmlerbacked by Hitlerthe Nazi regime intended to destroy Christianity in Germany, if it could, and substitute the old paganism of the early tribal Germanic gods and the new paganism of the Nazi extremists". The most notorious massacre of Jews in Ukraine was at the Babi Yar ravine outside Kyiv, where 33,771 Jews were killed in a single operation on 29-30 September 1941. Holocaust Memorial Museum. An example is Hitler's Commissar Order, in which he demanded the summary execution of all Soviet troops who were political commissars who offered resistance or were captured in battle.[73]. Harry Schneiderman and Julius B. Maller, eds. Sebald . How many people died during the Holocaust? See our full guidelines for more information, and this guide for detail about canonical URLs. He can be reached at [emailprotected]or on Twitter as @AdamJKovac. [100] According to Richard J. Evans, in the Reichsgau Wartheland "numerous clergy, monks, diocesan administrators and officials of the Church were arrested, deported to the General Government, taken off to a concentration camp in the Reich, or simply shot. 1st Edition, Kindle Edition, Routledge, October 9, 2018. [62] Homosexuality was also thought to be contagious by the Nazis. What they did have in common was that all of them had at least one Jewish grandparent, which was how the Nazis defined who was Jewish. Some Germans and Austrians who lived abroad for much of their lives were considered to have too much exposure to foreign ideas, and they were sent to concentration camps. View the list of all donors. A quarter also said they had been to a Holocaust museum or memorial at some point in their life. Historians estimate that around 1,1 million people perished in Auschwitz during the less than 5 years of its existence. GameSpot may get a share of the revenue if you buy anything featured on our site. It shows that the Nazis made bigger progress into infiltrating North America than was originally thought. )", 'Chronicles of Terror' testimony database, List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_victims&oldid=1140676381, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; WW Norton & Company; London p661, Stills from Soviet documentary "The Atrocities committed by German Fascists in the USSR" (, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 05:57. Nordhausen. ", "The Treatment of Soviet POWs: Starvation, Disease, and Shootings, June 1941 January 1942", "True Romanies and the Holocaust: A Re-evaluation and an overview", "Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich", "Poignant Documentary Recalls Nazis' Gay Victims", "Homocaust: Remembering the gay victims of the Holocaust", "Ein Konzentrationslager fr politische Gefangene In der Nhe von Dachau", "The Response of the German Catholic Church to National Socialism", "Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity", Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs, "World War II Documents showing the persecution of Freemasonry", "Das Vergimeinnicht-Abzeichen und die Freimaurerei, Die wahre Geschichte", "The Blue Forget-Me-Not: Another Side Of The Story", "Holocaust Timeline: Nazis Open Dachau Concentration Camp", "Acevedo: WW II vet held in Nazi slave camp breaks silence", "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and Overview", Non-Jewish Victims of Persecution in Nazi Germany, The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names, "Nazi Crimes in the USSR (Graphic images! Some victims belonged to several categories targeted for extermination, e.g. [27] As the Nazi war machine faltered during the war's final years, military resources such as fuel, transport, munitions, soldiers and industrial resources were still diverted from the fronts to the death camps. . There is no single wartime document that spells out how many people were killed. Early in the war, millions of Jews were concentrated in urban ghettos. According to the Nazis, "inferior races" produced more children than Aryans, so anything which diminished Germany's reproductive potential was considered a racial danger. The train tracks leading to Birkenau, the extermination camp at Auschwitz. Hilberg, Raul. (2022, February 4). Pages 128-9. [69][70], German communists were among the first to be imprisoned in concentration camps. The Romani genocide was formally recognized by West Germany in 1982 and by Poland in 2011. Before the Nazi takeover of power in 1933, Europe had a vibrant and mature Jewish culture. Survivors were subject to prosecution under Paragraph 175 (which forbade "lewdness between men"), with time served in the concentration camps deducted from their sentences. The event poses deep questions about the nature of God, evil and reasons for suffering. In 1940, the Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp was established. 2829, Richard J. Evans; The Third Reich at War; Penguin Press New York; 2009; p.3334. Student One Volume Edition, Paperback, 1st Ed. Some Germans who participated remain unrepentant or outright deny it occurred, as seen in the harrowing documentary Final Account. [66] Gay men in Nazi concentration camps were identified by a pink triangle on their shirts, along with men convicted of sexually assaulting children and bestiality. Barr said many of her relatives were killed in the Holocaust, with her grandfather leaving Poland for Palestine in 1933 before bringing his family to the United States nine years later. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), the Holocaust was "the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jewish men, women and children by the Nazi regime and its collaborators". . Holocaust victims were people targeted by the government of Nazi Germany based on their ethnicity, religion, political beliefs, and/or sexual orientation.The institutionalized practice by the Nazis of singling out and persecuting people resulted in the Holocaust, which began with legalized social discrimination against specific groups, involuntary hospitalization, euthanasia, and forced . [19][20][21][22], Taking into account all of the victims of persecution, the Nazis systematically murdered an estimated six million Jews and an additional 11 million people during the war. Springer, 2008. Christopher R. Browning papers. [47] In 1995, the Russian Academy of Sciences reported that civilian deaths in the occupied USSR, including Jews, at the hands of the Germans totaled 13.7 million dead (20 percent of the population of 68 million). During a Nazi-provoked riot known as Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) on November 9, 1938, at least 267 synagogues were destroyed. [87] According to Ian Kershaw, about 400 German priests were sent to the camp. By late 1943, however, the German and Axis authorities recognized they were losing the war and had no time to continue counting. By When the Nazis occupied a territory, communists, socialists and anarchists were usually among the first to be repressed; this included summary executions. You must credit the Forward, retain our pixel and preserve our canonical link in Google search. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [93] Catholic bishops, clergy, nuns and laypeople protested and attacked Nazi policies in occupied territories; in 1942, the Dutch bishops protested the mistreatment of Jews. Only a quarter were able to answer all four questions correctly. Jennifer Rosenberg is a historian and writer who specializes in 20th-century history. Holocaust, Hebrew Shoah ("Catastrophe"), Yiddish and Hebrew urban ("Destruction"), the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. Disease and exhaustion also ravaged camps, while death marches were also commonplace. Coming out of the 1920's which was a more open time for homosexuals in the Weimar Republic, that gave way to the brutality of the 1930's and the Holocaust to come. Holocaust Memorial Museum's website, "Nazi Germany did not seek to kill all homosexuals. The Nazis committed mass murder of Roma women at Auschwitz concentration camp, murdered females with disabilities in the T-4 and other euthanasia operations, and slaughtered women along with men as so-called partisans in many Soviet villages in 1943-1944. 70 ], Hans Frank said in 1940, `` Nazi Germany did not seek to kill homosexuals. The Columbia guide to the Encyclopdia Britannica, 1,811 Polish priests were murdered as part of Nazi extermination in... As part of Nazi extermination policies in present-day Ukraine museum or memorial at some in. Museum 's website, `` Nazi Germany, severe persecution began majority 94.88! Wartime document that spells out how many people were primarily targeted, although ethnic Poles other! 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